动词的时态与语态

一、语法知识分析

1. 形式：

一般过去时主/被动形式	did/was/ were; was done
一般将来时主/被动形式	will do; be going to do; will be done; be going to be done
现在完成时主/被动形式	have/ has done; have/has been done
一般现在时主/被动形式	do/ does; am/is/are done
过去进行时主/被动形式	was/ were doing; was/ were being done

2. 意义：

英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。动词的语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

3. 使用：

① 必修要求

在语篇中观察、探究现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态的使用规律，归纳出目标语法的核心规则，并通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，从而能够准确得体地使用目标语法。

在语篇中观察、探究过去将来时的使用，归纳出过去将来时的核心规则，并通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，从而能够准确得体地使用目标语法。

② 选择性必修要求

在语篇中探究过去完成时的概念，归纳过去完成时使用的一般规则，并通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，从而能够准确得体地使用目标语法。

在语篇中观察、探究过去进行时和过去完成时的被动语态的使用情况，归纳过去进行时和过去完成时的被动语态的核心规则，并通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，从而能够准确得体地使用目标语法。

在语篇中观察完成进行时的基本构成，并自主探究、归纳现在完成进行时的一般规则，随后通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，实现“形式—意义—使用”三者的统一。

在语篇中观察、探究将来进行时的概念，并自主归纳其核心规则；并通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习巩固所学，从而能够准确得体地使用目标语法。

③ 时态语态：

在历年英语高考中，对动词时态语态的考查主要出现在听力和语法填空中。同时，学生也可以运用在应用文写作和读后续写中表达意义，取得更准确的表达效果。本课例基于历年高考真题，采用了以语言运用为导向的“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观：在语境中呈现语法知识、在语境中指导学生观察所学语法项目的使用场合、表达形式、基本意义和语用功能，并通过高考真题练习巩固所学语法知识，在语境中帮助学生应用动词的时态语态来理解和表达意义。

二、学情分析

授课对象为某四星级高中高三（3）班，共有45名学生。该班学生的语法基础尚可，能够掌握时态语态的基本形式和结构，但在实际应用中，学生不能正确使用恰当的时态和语态，特别是在听力和语法填空中难以区分一般过去式和现在完成时、一般将来时主被动的使用、现在完成时主被动的使用和过去进行时主被动的使用；部分学生在应用文写作中根据文体选择恰当的时态方面有困惑。为了提升学生们在动词时态语态方面的应用能力，教师需要进一步加强学生在不同语境下的实践训练，并帮助学生强化在写作中不同时态语态的综合运用。

三、 迁移目标

课前梳理学生的作业练习发现学生在时态语态的准确运用方面还存在着比较大的问题，特别是在写作中，学生不能根据文体选用合适的时态。基于此发现，结合对教学内容和学生情况的分析，本课迁移重点指向如何指导学生在写作中恰当运用的时态语态。

在本课学习结束时，学生能够：

1. 掌握一般过去时，过去进行时，一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时的用法

2. 在写作中准确恰当灵活地运用时态和语态，达成交际目的。

四、迁移实施过程

步骤一：提出问题

Identify problems in the students’ writing (根据课前对学生练习中所出现的关于时态语态问题进行梳理并进行呈现。)

习作一：摘自学生的日记

习作二：摘自作文习作“描述家乡的变化”

Q: Could you find out mistakes in the above writings?

[设计意图]

通过直观呈现学生自己写出的关于时态语态的错误句子，让学生能以第三者的角度去进行审视，反思和总结。

步骤二：分析问题

1.  第一次进阶：结合语法填空中的不同的时态和语态，复习时态和语态的构成（形式）

Task one: 单句语法填空

1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that  ________ (be) previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.(2022年全国新高考｜卷)

2. Henry _________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.He quickly _________ (throw) his tools aside,and started running,arms out.(2022年全国新高考II卷)

3.In the last five years, Cao ___________(walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016,he reached the top of Kilimanjaro,Africa's highest mountain. (2022年全国甲卷)

4. The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society __________(address) the opening ceremony.“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day,the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country,China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with a shared future for mankind,” he said.(2022年全国乙卷)

5. The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history.It  ___________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored（修复). (2021年全国甲卷)

6. The parts of a museum open to the public _________ (call) galleries or rooms.Often,only a small part of a museum's collection ____ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020年全国新高考｜卷)

7. Because the number of possible topics _____ (be) practically limitless,we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology. Readers ________________(encourage) to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of our Further Resources section featured in each volume. (2020年全国新高考II卷)

8. In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike. The artist's reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait（画像）done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest work,so that he could choose the best.The artist was sure he would ____________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister,the old man laughed. (2020年全国3卷)

[设计意图]

学生通过这一环节的练习，了解近几年时态语态在语法填空中的考查重点，并能熟练根据句中提示填出相应的答案，也为最终的进阶目标打下基础。

Task two: 语境下整篇语法填空

The first zoo 1.______________(establish)around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment. Five hundred years later, a Chinese emperor 2._______ (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth. Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.

Some of the early European zoos 3.___________(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages, the bad conditions of which made people disgusted. Later the zoos 4._____________ (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.______________(keep) in good condition. These places became the first modern zoos. As early as the 1940s, scientists 6.___________ (understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction. Since then, zoos 7._____________(try) to save many endangered species, but relying on zoos to save species 8._____ (be) not enough. The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.

Today,animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.______________(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill, and all the animals there live a comfortable life. Anyway, it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.______________(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.

[设计意图]

语境下的整篇语法填空，能更好地锻炼学生在真实情境下的语言运用能力。

2. 第二次进阶：阅读中的时态和语态（意义）

阅读一个包含不同时态语态的语篇，并归纳总结其结构和意义

At first, Jack wasn't fond of studying and was addicted to computer games. Every time his mother went to his room, she found that he was playing computer games. His father had condemned him many times before he went to middle school, so he promised that he would study hard and quit computer games.

It is amazing that Jack has changed a lot in the past three years. Whenever asked about Jack's performance at school, his mother always answers proudly,“He has been making progress.”He is making preparations for the college entrance exam.

There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to a good college if he keeps working hard like this. Maybe in the near future he will be studying in a key university.

[设计意图]

通过阅读一个真实语境下的语篇，真实地感受各种时态在交际中的运用，并通过对时态语态不同结构的归纳，学生能更好地理解如何恰当地在具体语境中灵活使用各种时态语态。

第三次进阶：

Task One：归纳以下片段中的错句并修改：

片段一：

   片段二：

修改以上片段中的错句：

1. He said he will go to Hefei on business the next day.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Great changes have been taken place in our hometown since 1978.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Our school teaches Chinese，English and Japanese.

__________________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

通过回归并修改自己的错误，学生能直观地感受到时态语态在写作中的恰当应用对于语意的达成起着多么重要的作用。

Task two: 2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷--应用文写作 （撰写第一稿并同伴互评，特别关注同伴写作中的时态语态）

你校英文报Youth正在庆祝创刊十周年。请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：

1. 读报的经历；

2. 喜爱的栏目；

3. 期待和祝福。

注意：                   

1. 写作词数应为80左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Youth and Me

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[设计意图]

最后这个应用文写作环节能有效考查学生在半开放式写作中根据文体选择不同的时态语态的用法的能力,通过撰写第一稿和后续的同伴互评环节，学生能够学会在语境中恰当地使用时态语态。

五、布置如下作业

1. Finish the following questions in listening and find out different tenses

1) How did the speakers come to Seattle? （2024年1月贵州、浙江、山东第一次）

A. By plane. B. By car.     C. By train.

听力材料：

W: What a journey! Air travel is more tiring than driving, I’m sure.

M: I don’t think you’d say that if you’d just driven 400 miles. Let’s come to Seattle by train next time. (3) It’ll be more relaxing.

2) What will the speakers do next? (2022年英语高考新课标1卷)

A.Check the map.      B.Leave the restaurant.    C.Park the car.

听力材料：

M: We have to find a parking space. Let's drive around the block one more time. Did you say the restaurant has no off-street parking at all?

W: None,I checked it. Look,there's a space.

3) What will the speakers have for dinner today?（2024年1月贵州、浙江、山东第一次）

A. Fried rice.      B. Noodles.  C. Steak.

听力材料：

M: Can I have fried rice or noodles for dinner for a change? I don’t feel like steak today.

W: I’m in a hurry. I can’t cook two different meals today.  Tomorrow you can have what you want.

M: All right.

2.Fill in the following blanks using different tenses and voices.

  1) The teacher told us the earth _________ (move) around the sun.

  2) He said he ___________ (tell) her the news as soon as he met her.

  3) Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We___________ (have) dinner then.

  4) His first novel ___________ (receive) good reviews since it came out last month.

  5) A big fire _________ (break) out in the area last week.

  6) I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ___________ (carry)  out in the past two years.

3. Practice writing by using different tenses and voices based on your understanding of the sentences.

Practical writing:

  (2022年全国乙) 如图表所示，选择阅读英语书籍的学生只占18%。

____________________________________________________________________________

  (2020年全国1卷) 人们一致认为体育运动对我们有益，所以上周日我们学校举办了一场越野赛。

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Continuation writing (改编自2021年全国1卷)

  Mother’s Day came at last. The twins and their father planned to give the mother a surprise. Early in the morning, the father ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ (动作描写). Meanwhile, the twins made breakfast. They _________________________,____________________________

and _____________(动作描写), “Happy mother’s Day!” Then the father came in with two bottles of beer. They ______________________________________________(动作描写), expressing their congratulations. Never __________________________________________(心理描写). It’s their happiest occasion, delight spreading through the house.

[设计意图]

通过不同类型的练习，进一步巩固了以语言运用为导向的“形式-意义-使用”三维动态语法观；并通过语法真题练习巩固动词的时态语态，实现英语语法复习的品质进阶。

六、循证说明

本课堂以“问题驱动”为导向，通过呈现学生作业中所出现的关于时态语态的常犯错误，让学生意识到关于这一语法她们的问题让学生自己归纳时态语态不同形式和用法，让学生对时态语态在高考中的考查形式有大致的概念，同时帮助学生意识到正确使用时态语态的重要性。

第二次进阶是通过阅读一个包含不同时态语态的语篇，并归纳总结其结构来感知时态语态在真实语境中所起的重要意义。

第三次进阶是纠正课例开头所呈现的习作中的错误和应用文的形式完成。整堂课从提出问题到分析问题，最后到解决问题，从归纳，到理解再到应用，一步步深入，从而达到三次进阶的完成。